Onyx

The name Onyx originates from the Greek word ὄνυξ (onyx), meaning “claw” or “fingernail.” According to ancient legend, Onyx was formed when Cupid clipped the fingernails of Venus while she slept, and the gods transformed them into stone. The name likely refers to the stone’s layered appearance, resembling a fingernail’s translucency.

Alternate Names:

• Black Onyx – The most well-known variety, often simply referred to as “Onyx.”
• Sardonyx – A variety of Onyx with reddish-brown and white banding.
• Arabian Onyx – A historical name sometimes used for high-quality Onyx.
• Mexican Onyx or Calcite Onyx – A misnomer for banded calcite, not true Onyx.

Composition and Physical Characteristics

Onyx is a variety of chalcedony, a microcrystalline form of quartz. It is known for its smooth texture, parallel banding, and deep, rich colours. True Onyx consists of fine bands of black and white, though it is often dyed to achieve a uniform black hue.

Physical Properties:

• Chemical Formula: SiO₂ (Silicon Dioxide)
• Hardness: 6.5 – 7 on the Mohs scale
• Lustre: Waxy to vitreous
• Transparency: Translucent to opaque
• Fracture: Conchoidal
• Streak: White
• Specific Gravity: 2.55 – 2.70

Varieties of Onyx

• Black Onyx – The most famous and commonly used variety in jewellery and metaphysical practices.
• White Onyx – A rare variety with milky or translucent bands.
• Green Onyx – Often dyed; natural green Onyx is rare.
• Sardonyx – A mixture of reddish-brown sard and white chalcedony, known for its warm hues.
• Blue Onyx – A dyed variety with a soft blue appearance.

Locations and Notable Finds

Onyx is found worldwide in various deposits. Major sources include:

• Brazil – A primary source of black Onyx.
• India – Produces high-quality Sardonyx and banded Onyx.
• United States (Arizona, California, and Colorado) – Known for beautiful varieties.
• Mexico – Famous for producing large deposits, though much is banded calcite.
• Madagascar – Rich in natural black and green Onyx.
• Uruguay and Argentina – Known for fine black and banded Onyx.

Archaeological and Significant Finds

• Onyx was widely used in ancient Egypt for making bowls, seals, and amulets.
• The Romans carved Onyx into cameos and signet rings, believing it provided strength and courage.
• The Babylonians used Onyx cylinders as engraved seals.
• Some of the most intricate ancient artefacts, such as the famous “Gemma Augustea” cameo, were crafted from Sardonyx.

Historical and Current Usage

Ancient and Historical Uses

• Ancient Egypt: The Egyptians were among the first to recognize the value of onyx, using it to create exquisite jewellery, amulets, and carvings. It was believed to have protective qualities and was often buried with the dead to safeguard them in the afterlife.
• Ancient Rome: In Roman times, onyx was a popular material for carving cameos and intaglios. The Romans believed that onyx could enhance physical strength and courage, making it a favoured stone among warriors. It was also used to create seals and was thought to grant its wearer eloquence and confidence in speech.
• Middle Ages: During the Middle Ages, onyx continued to hold significance. It was often used in the making of rosaries and other religious artifacts, symbolizing purity and protection. European royalty prized onyx for its protective qualities and would often wear it as a talisman.
• Modern Era: In modern times, onyx remains a popular gemstone in jewellery. Its sleek, black appearance makes it a versatile stone, often used in both high-end and everyday pieces. Beyond its beauty, onyx is still valued for its metaphysical properties.

Modern Uses

• Jewellery and Fashion – Rings, pendants, bracelets, and beads.
• Architecture and Décor – Polished Onyx is used in tiles, countertops, and sculptures.
• Metaphysical and Healing Practices – Onyx is valued for its protective and grounding properties.

Interesting Facts

• The Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus was said to have carried an Onyx talisman for protection in battle.
• Onyx is frequently dyed to enhance its deep black colour, as natural black Onyx is rare.
• The ancient Greeks and Romans associated Sardonyx with bravery and honour, often carving it into seals and rings.
• In Chinese culture, Onyx was traditionally avoided, as it was believed to bring bad luck.

Folklore, Legends, and Tales

• The Stone of the Night – Some ancient myths suggested that Onyx absorbed darkness and could reveal hidden truths in dreams.
• The Warrior’s Stone – Many cultures believed Onyx granted strength and endurance in battle.
• The Stone of Sorrow – Some medieval European legends associated Onyx with grief and mourning, believing it could absorb sadness.
• Indian Mythology – Onyx was considered a protective stone against evil spirits and negative energies.

Mystical Healing Properties

Onyx is revered in crystal healing for its grounding, protective, and empowering qualities.

Healing Benefits:

• Emotional Strength – Helps to overcome fear, stress, and anxiety.
• Mental Clarity – Aids in decision-making and focus.
• Physical Protection – Traditionally worn as a protective amulet.
• Spiritual Grounding – Aligns energy, offering stability during spiritual work.
• Energy Shielding – Absorbs and deflects negative energy.

Astrological and Zodiac Connections

Onyx is linked to several zodiac signs:

• Leo – Enhances courage and self-confidence.
• Capricorn – Strengthens discipline, focus, and resilience.
• Scorpio – Provides emotional balance and protection from negativity.

Chakra System Connections

Onyx is strongly connected to the Root Chakra (Muladhara), which governs stability, security, and grounding.

• Balances and grounds energy, helping to maintain emotional strength.
• Shields against negative influences, acting as an energetic protector.
• Strengthens personal willpower, aiding in self-control and perseverance.

Birthstone and Wedding Anniversary Links

Wedding Anniversary – Onyx is traditionally associated with the 7th wedding anniversary, symbolising resilience and enduring love.

Birthstone – Onyx is considered an alternative birthstone for July, offering protection and strength to those born in this month.